Every year on February 28, India observes National Science Day to commemorate a landmark scientific discovery that placed the country firmly on the global research map. The day marks the discovery of the Raman Effect by Indian physicist C. V. Raman in 1928, a breakthrough that later earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.
National Science Day is not merely ceremonial. It promotes scientific temper, encourages innovation, and inspires young minds to pursue careers in science and research.
Raman effect
On February 28, 1928, C. V. Raman announced the discovery of a phenomenon explaining how light interacts with matter. When light passes through a transparent substance, most of it scatters without change. However, a tiny fraction changes its wavelength. This shift, termed the Raman Effect, revealed crucial information about molecular structure.
The discovery transformed spectroscopy. Today, Raman spectroscopy is widely used in chemistry, physics, biology, medicine, forensic science and materials engineering. It helps identify substances, detect diseases, analyse pharmaceuticals, and even study planetary surfaces.
National recognition
In recognition of this achievement, the Government of India declared February 28 as National Science Day in 1986. The decision followed a proposal by the National Council for Science and Technology Communication (NCSTC), which sought to institutionalise public engagement with science.
The observance highlights India’s scientific contributions and reinforces the idea that research and innovation are central to national development. The day also aligns with the constitutional duty under Article 51A(h), which calls upon citizens to develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
Institutional impact
National Science Day has strengthened India’s science communication ecosystem. Over the years, it has contributed to greater visibility for research institutions and scientists.
India’s scientific infrastructure has expanded significantly since independence. Institutions such as the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs), and premier research organisations have produced globally recognised work in space technology, nuclear science, biotechnology, information technology and renewable energy.
Observances like National Science Day reinforce the importance of sustained investment in research and development (R&D) and innovation-led growth.
Global context
India’s celebration of National Science Day aligns with international efforts to promote science literacy. Globally, science and technology are central to economic competitiveness, climate resilience, healthcare innovation and digital transformation.
The Raman Effect itself remains globally relevant. Raman spectroscopy is used in cancer diagnostics, semiconductor research, nanotechnology and environmental monitoring. Its applications demonstrate how fundamental research can produce long-term technological dividends.
Contemporary challenges
While India has made progress in space missions, vaccine development and digital technology, challenges remain. Public expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP remains modest compared to advanced economies. Bridging the gap between research and commercial application continues to require structural reforms.
Scientific temper also faces social challenges in the form of misinformation and pseudoscience. National Science Day plays a symbolic and practical role in reinforcing evidence-based reasoning and critical thinking.
