Captured by : OPED ANCHOR
After 52 years, Mncedisi Tyopo finally stood beside his father's grave, looking down at remains being exhumed as part of South Africa's attempts to come to terms with its painful past. Tyopo's father Bhonase Vulindlela was an anti-apartheid fighter who was hanged along with 11 comrades in 1964. Their bodies were crammed into four unmarked graves on rough ground in a bottom corner of cemetery beside a road in the capital Pretoria.
The exhumation will allow Tyopo to give his father a proper ancestral burial -- one small attempt at healing the wounds of decades of state violence and repression that marked South Africa until the end of white-minority rule in 1994. "For so long we didn't know where the body was. We had no information. I feel happy," Tyopo, who was just four when his father was hanged, said.
His father Vulindlela was one of a group of 12 activists from the Pan-African Congress (PAC), an anti-apartheid party that was banned by the segregationist government. All were hanged -- including four other family members -- for the murder of five white people in an attack in Eastern Cape province. This week, forensic anthropologists equipped with trowels, spades and brushes excavated a hole two metres deep, gradually revealing skulls -- some very damaged -- femurs and tibias, as well as the handles and steel nails from disintegrated coffins. "The fingers, the ribs, the vertebrae have been reduced to dust," Kavita Lakha, one of the anthropologists, said. "But for the families, to be able to identify a head or a major bone, that is better than nothing."
Anti-apartheid activists hanged under the regime were often buried in paupers' graves without headstones. Their relatives could not attend the burial and were never told where their loved ones lay. Only the cemeteries' neat registry books, now yellow and faded, recorded the name and location of each corpse.
The bodies even remained property of the state, inflicting a "final punishment beyond death," said Madeleine Fullard, head of the Missing Persons' Task Team. "This is one step in the family coming to some sense that their journey is ending," she added. "We are not necessarily looking to heal... but certainly many of the families feel that once they are able to bury the remains, they have done what they can to make right what was done wrong."
At the Rebecca Street cemetery in Pretoria, the hanging victims were buried in the "Africans and paupers" section, far from the peaceful jacaranda-lined avenues reserved for white Afrikaners. The government-organised exhumation was the first of its kind in South Africa, which plans to unearth scores of bodies of political prisoners executed between 1960 and 1990. Justice Minister Michael Masutha, who attended the graveside scene, said the hangings and treatment of the bodies reflected the criminal justice system at the time. "It was common for black people convicted of murdering whites to be sentenced to death, but very rare for whites who murdered blacks," he said.
The exhumation policy follows the recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, established in 1996, which revealed the full horrors of crimes committed during apartheid. South Africa has been assisted in the task by Argentinian authorities, experienced in handling bodies of victims from the country's dictatorship.
Now the families hope to re-bury the remains early next year in the Eastern Cape, in line with tradition that demands a correct burial to protect the surviving family. "Every movement has a responsibility to look after its own soldiers," said Phillip Dhlamini, national PAC chairman. "Where your fighters are captured by the enemy, there will be no peace until their remains are returned to you. So this is the first step towards a lasting peace in this country."
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Apartheid
• The controversial 1913 Land Act, passed three years after South Africa gained its independence, marked the beginning of territorial segregation by forcing black Africans to live in reserves and making it illegal for them to work as sharecroppers. Opponents of the Land Act formed the South African National Native Congress, which would become the African National Congress (ANC)
• By 1950, the government had banned marriages between whites and people of other races, and prohibited sexual relations between black and white South Africans. The Population Registration Act of 1950 provided the basic framework for apartheid by classifying all South Africans by race
• In 1989 F.W. de Klerk took over as president. De Klerk’s government subsequently repealed the Population Registration Act, as well as most of the other legislation that formed the legal basis for apartheid. A new constitution, which enfranchised blacks and other racial groups, took effect in 1994
