Internationalization policies and practices within the higher education sector have ostensibly been fuelled by pressures on colleges and universities to better prepare students for the effects of globalization. Soka, or value-creating, education was formulated in the 1930s, against a backdrop of Japanese industrialization, expansionism and increased militarism. Makiguchi's education principles for promoting a peaceful and harmonious world are well-aligned with a global citizenship perspective. Although never stepping foot off his native Japanese soil, Makiguchi was deeply concerned for the well-being of all people and for future generations. His insightful treatise on how countries should best cooperate for the collective good of humankind gives a clear sense of the promise and virtues of global citizenship.
Global citizenship is trending upward. Chinese artist Ai Weiwei received a global citizenship award in Toronto this week, and on Friday, former US President Barack Obama spoke in the Canadian city about the importance of global citizenship. Recently, tens of thousands of New Yorkers attended the annual Global Citizen Festival in Central Park.
Now, before you react to this article's headline and rail against yet another apparent plea for the creation of an elitist one-world government, give your typing fingers a rest. I will state at the onset that this piece neither advocates for an elitist perspective, nor a single planetary authority. What it does argue for is the cultivation of a global citizenship sensibility, particularly in the education of our university and college students.
Recent research suggests that university graduates are increasingly required by prospective employers to have so-called soft skills necessary for working in global environments. Thus including global citizenship within educational curricula is an investment that can produce dividends far greater than simply securing a job.Global citizenship is a concept that has produced varied and contested understandings, not the least of which is the argument that the privilege of legal status inherently associated with national citizenship is not a feature of global citizenship.
British PM Theresa May recently opined: "If you believe you're a citizen of the world, you're a citizen of nowhere. You don't understand what the very word ‘citizenship' means."
Notwithstanding this sort of misguided criticism, there's a general consensus that the term orients towards recognizing the interconnectedness of life, respecting cultural diversity and human rights, advocating global social justice, empathizing with suffering people around the world, seeing the world as others see it and feeling a sense of moral responsibility for planet Earth.
Global citizenship usually involves three dimensions - awareness (of self and others), responsibility and participation. The enlightened global citizen understands that there doesn't have to be a tension between a nationalistic sense of duty and a moral obligations to the rest of the world.
Global leaders who state otherwise are mired in old and tired ways of competing for the planet's resources and securing the welfare of its inhabitants. Global citizenship offers hope for embracing a mindset that can ensure the future sustainability of our planet, and all its living forms.
Founder Tsunesaburo Makiguchi (1871-1944) vehemently opposed the aims of Japanese nationalist education at that time, which was ostensibly used as a platform for political indoctrination and support of Japan's war efforts.
Makiguchi believed that education was the key to ultimately securing individual and societal wellbeing, or happiness. And that happiness was discovered through a transformational process of creating value through one's everyday interactions in society. Makiguchi's vision was advanced in succession by his protégé, Josei Toda (1900-1958), and Toda's protégé, Daisaku Ikeda.
Ikeda is president of the lay-Buddhist global peace movement, Soka Gakkai International. He founded the Soka Education network of schools around the world. Ikeda's vision for these schools is deeply connected to global citizenship, aiming to nurture global citizens who will contribute to society and help strengthen the foundations of peace.
My case study research of Soka University Japan (SUJ) reveals an educational environment that cultivates global awareness, global citizenship identity and pro-social values.
Two interview participants' from my research highlight the synergies created at SUJ between education for global citizenship and prospect of societal well-being: "Cultivating a feeling of concern for welfare of others is considered an important part of Soka education."
"The well-being, happiness and betterment of society are possible when you can think from the perspective of not just yourself but you as a member of this world. In other words, society doesn't become happy on its own."
He speculated that a fourth type of competition - in the arena of moral character - would evolve to guide international relations in the other three realms. Labelling this as "humanitarian," Makiguchi states that it aspires to: "...a goal of well-being and protection of all people, including oneself but not at the increase of self interest alone."
Competition that is based on humanitarian principles and practices fits with a global citizenship perspective. I believe there's an important place for these principles in the curricula of higher education as we look to cultivate future generations of global citizens who can ensure the harmonious survival of planet Earth.
