For black Americans, skin color is a complex topic. Whenever a black celebrity lightens their skin “ whether it’s pop star Michael Jackson, retired baseball player Sammy Sosa or rapper Nicki Minaj “ they’re usually greeted with ridicule. Some accuse them of self-loathing, while many in the African-American community view it as a rejection of black identity.
Increasing mixed-race births have further complicated matters, with light-skinned blacks occasionally being accused of not being “black enough.”
As someone who has studied and written about the issue of skin color and black identity for over 20 years, I believe the growing use of various bleaching creams “ reveal a taboo that African-Americans are certainly aware of, but loathe to admit. Though they might criticize lighter-skinned black people, many people of color “ deep down “ abhor dark skin.
The US has its own complicated history with skin color, primarily because “mulatto” skin “ not quite black, but not quite white “ often arose out of mixed-race children conceived between slaves and slave masters. In 1967, Dutch sociologist Harry Hoetink coined the term “somatic norm image” to describe why some shades of skin are favored over others.
After studying skin color for years, I coined the term “bleaching syndrome” to describe this phenomenon. The syndrome has three components. The first is psychological: This involves self-rejection of dark skin and other native characteristics.
In America, these variations produced an unspoken hierarchy: Black people with lighter complexions ended up being granted some of the rights of the master class.
By early 19th century, the “mulatto hypothesis” emerged, arguing that the “white blood” of light-skinned slaves made them smarter, more civilized and better looking.
It’s probably no coincidence that light-skinned blacks emerged as leaders in the black community. Harvard’s first black graduate was the fair-skinned W.E.B. Du Bois. Some of the most prominent black politicians “ from former New Orleans Mayor Ernest Morial, to former Virginia Gov. Douglas Wilder, to former President Barack Obama “ have lighter skin.
In America, some trace the emergence of light skin as the “somatic norm image” for all modern-day races to the 1930s advertising campaign of Breck Shampoo.
To market its product, the company created the ‘Breck Girl’ whose fair, alabaster skin was touted as the perfect ideal of feminine beauty.
Few considered the devastating affects a glamorized image of light skin might have on the self-esteem of dark-skinned Americans.
In 2008, researchers at Georgia University called skin color distinction ‘a well-kept secret’ in black communities. “The hue of one’s skin,” they wrote, “tends to have a psychological effect on the self-esteem of African-Americans.”
Yet they also noted that existing research on the relationship between skin color and self-esteem didn’t even exist. Fear of being perceived as a race traitor continues to make the topic taboo in the US“ in a way which exceeds that in places like India or Japan.
To obtain a fairer complexion, many apply bleaching creams. Some of the most popular are Olay, Natural White, Ambi Fade Cream and Clean & Clear Fairness Cream.
While these creams can work, they can be dangerous: Some contain cancer-causing ingredients. Despite the potential danger, skin bleaching cream sales have grown. By 2024, it’s projected that global profits will reach $31.2 billion.
Second, it’s sociological, in that it influences group behavior (hence the phenomenon of black celebrities bleaching their skin).
The final aspect is physiological. The physiological is not limited to just bleaching the skin.
It can also mean altering hair texture and eye color to mimic the dominant group. Rapper Lil’ Kim, in addition to lightening her skin, has also changed her eye color and altered her facial features.
The solution to the bleaching syndrome is political. The disdain for dark skin today is similar to disdain for kinky hair in the 1960s. African-Americans’ dislike of their natural hair was so ingrained that the first black millionaire, Madam C.J. Walker, was able to accumulate her fortune by selling hair-straightening products to black folks.
“Black is Beautiful” “ a slogan popularized at the tail end of the 1960s “ was a political statement that sought to upend the negative associations many Americans, including many African-Americans, felt toward all things black.
In response, the Afro became a popular hairstyle, and black entertainers, from Sammy Davis Jr. to Lou Rawls, proudly grew out their hair, refusing to apply hair straightening products.
“Back to Black” “ a nod to the “Black is Beautiful” campaign “ is a political statement that could address the impulse many feel to bleach their dark skin. Even black celebrities who possess fair skin could help glamorize dark skin by repeating the slogan and paying tribute to the numerous dark-skinned beauties whose attractiveness goes seldom acknowledged: Lupita Nyong’o, Gabrielle Union and Janelle Monae.
These dark-skinned black women would qualify as beautiful by any standards “ regardless of skin color.
